AST 221: Stars & the Solar System

Fall 2008, Marten van Kerkwijk

Course Outline & Lecture Notes

For every lecture, the parts of Carroll & Ostlie (=CO) covered are listed in italics. Links below the lecture titles are to the slides, posted as a set of html pages, a 1-per-page pdf, and a 4-per-page pdf.
Note: the detailed schedule may well change.

Week 1
Sep 8 PS I available
pdf, links
Course Overview
html, pdf1, pdf4
Syllabus; topics; basic astronomical units.
CO, S3.1, 3.2.
Sep 10
Gravity I
html, pdf1, pdf4
Kepler's laws (for 1-body); energy & angular momentum.
CO, S1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2.
Sep 12
Tutorial Seasons; distances to Moon, Sun & nearest stars; parallax.
CO, S1.3 [daily & seasonal changes part], 3.1.
Week 2
Sep 15
Gravity II
html, pdf1, pdf4, links
Generalized Kepler's laws for 2-body (binary stars); N-body.
CO, S2.3
Sep 17
Gravity III
html, pdf1, pdf4
(Includes notes on Taylor series; also see Wikipedia)
tides; tidal friction; synchronization & circularization.
CO, S19.2, 18.1 (up to "classes of binary systems"). Also, a nice review on the Earth-Moon system.
Sep 19 PS I due Tutorial Detecting extra-solar planets (applying Kepler's laws).
CO, S7.4, 23.1
Week 3
Sep 22 PS II available Astrophysics I. Hydrostatic Equilibrium
html, pdf1, pdf4
Gravity of spherical body; dynamical collapse; hydrostatic equilibrium; pressure; ideal gas; mean molecular weight.
CO, S10.1, 10.2
Sep 24
Astrophysics II. Virial Theorem
html, pdf1, pdf4
Gravitational, thermal, kinetic energy; virial theorem; application to Sun; gravito-thermal collapse, negative specific heat.
CO, S2.4, 10.3 (up to nuclear)
Sep 26
Tutorial Extra-solar planets transits, direct detection); discussion of PS I
Week 4
Sep 29
Astrophysics III. Nuclear Fusion
html, pdf1, pdf4
Binding energy of nucleus; quantum tunneling; nuclear fusion; stability of the Sun
CO, S5.4 (up to p. 132, QM atom), 10.3
Oct 1
Astrophysics IV. Radiation
html, pdf1, pdf4
Photons; mean free path, random walk, photon diffusion time; blackbody; photosphere of the Sun.
CO, S3.3, 3.4, 5.2, 9.3
Oct 3 PS II due Tutorial Life of a globular cluster (applying the virial theorem)
Week 5
Oct 6 PS III available Astrophysics V. Photon-Matter Interaction
html, pdf1, pdf4
Hydrogen model atom; electronic transitions; stellar spectra;   optical depth, radiative transfer equation.
CO, S3.5, Ch.5, S8.1 (parts), 10.4 (up to pressure scale height)
Oct 8 Presentation
choices can be made
Stars I.
Main Sequence

html, pdf1, pdf4
Basic equations of stellar structure; mass-radius-luminosity relation; life times of stars on main-sequence; colour-magnitude diagram; spectral types, UBV photometry.
CO, S10.5 (up to Num. model.), 10.6, Ch. 7, S3.6, 8.2
Oct 10
Tutorial High velocity stars (binary break-up by black hole or tidal disruption of dwarf galaxy (movie from GRAVITAS)
Week 6
Oct 13
Thanksgiving No class
Oct 15
Stars II.
Post Main Sequence

html, pdf1, pdf4
Evolution of low mass stars after core-hydrogen exhaustion.
CO, S13.1, 13.2
Oct 17 PS III due Tutorial Forming clumps in disks (Kaitlin Kratter)
Week 7
Oct 20 Presentation
choices due
Stars III.
Post Main Sequence (cont'd)

above + degeneracy
html, pdf1, pdf4
Evolution of high mass stars after core-hydrogen exhaustion.
CO, S15.1, 15.2, 16.3
Oct 22
Stars IV.
Summary & Tests

html, pdf1, pdf4
Summary of the lifes of stars; using clusters to check our understanding
CO, Fig. 13.1, S13.3
Oct 24
Pre-Midterm Summary
html, pdf1, pdf4
Including Q&A on the 2006 and 2007 midterms.
Week 8
Oct 27
Midterm Exam
(in class)

Oct 29
Stellar Corpses
html, pdf1, pdf4
End products of stellar evolution; white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes; degeneracy; ultra-dense matter.
CO, S16.1-16.4, S16.6, 16.7, Ch. 17 (basics only, like Schwarzschild radius)
Oct 31
Star Formation
html, pdf1, pdf4
Jeans mass, observations, disk formation, binary formation.
CO, Ch. 12 (broad picture only for parts not dealt with in lecture notes)
Week 9
Nov 3 PS IV available Solar System Overview
html, pdf1, pdf4
Inventory, orbital characteristics, spin, roundness; definition of a  planet; mass-radius relation; heating by the Sun.
CO, S19.1, 19.3 (temperatures only)
Nov 5
Giant Planets
html, pdf1, pdf4
Mass-radius relation; composition; cores; internal heat.
CO, S21.1
Nov 7
Planet Atmospheres
html, pdf1, pdf4
Earth's atmosphere and its origin; colors of clouds & skies on different planets; divergent evolution between Earth & Venus
CO, S19.3, parts of Ch. 20, 21.
Week 10
Nov 10
Terrestial Planets
html, pdf1, pdf4
Interiors; vulcanism; plate tectonics; tectonics and climate; snow-ball Earth.
CO, Ch. 20
Nov 12
Student presentations Sun & Stars I
Nov 14 PS IV due Student presentations Sun & Stars II
Week 11
Nov 17 PS V available Planet Formation
html, pdf1, pdf4
Minimum mass solar nebula; stability criterion; ice line, planetestimal formation; giant planet & terrestrial planet formation; isotope dating results; formation of the Moon; open issues.
CO, S23.2, S22.4 (first few pages), S20.4
Nov 19
Student presentations Recent space missions
Nov 21
Student presentations Giant planets
Week 12
Nov 24
Extrasolar Planets
html, pdf1, pdf4
Hot jupiters, statistics; proto-planetary nebulae, debris disks.
CO, Ch. 23
Nov 26
Student presentations Terrestrial Planets I
Nov 28 PS V due Student presentations Terrestrial Planets II
Week 13
Dec 1 Vote for best presentation;
Course evaluation
Exoplanets (cont'd)
html, pdf1, pdf4
Puzzles, possible solutions; migration
CO, Ch. 23
Dec 3
Telescopes & Something extra
html, pdf1, pdf4
diffraction limit; seeing and atmospheric turbulence; radio telescopes and interferometry; X-ray & gamma-ray telescopes.
CO, Ch. 6
Dec 5
Final review question & answer