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Notes:
Comparison of the structure of a main-sequence star with that of a giant. The inert Helium core exerts a strong gravitational pull on the layers around it. The pressure required to balance it can only be reached with a high temperature. This leads to a very high luminosity, causing the outer layers of the star to puff up. As more Helium is added to the inert core, its gravity increases. This leads to even higher temperature, higher luminosity, and a larger radius.
Fig. 17.4 of the book.